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Digital twins and digital models of the human circulatory system
Nature Reviews Bioengineering, Published online: 30 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s44222-026-00427-5Digital twins of the human circulatory system aim to integrate real-time physiological data with computational models to understand, monitor and treat cardiovascular and haematological diseases. This Review outlines the components, clinical applications and emerging technologies enabling such digital twins, highlighting the remaining challenges to achieving real-time, predictive and closed-loop clinical use.